You can put the phone inside the cubby and plug it in via USB C (or an appropriate USB C to whatever your phone uses), but there is no cable routing on the charging pad any longer, at least I am fairly sure of that fact. I am 100% sure for the model Y (which I have, which is a 2022 model year).
I am not 100% sure that the model 3 and Y use the same wireless charging pad / console, but since the cars share like 90% of their parts, and tesla simplifies where possible, I am reasonably sure that the current wireless charging in the model 3 looks just like it does in the model Y, and there is no cable access to the pad. the USB charging ports are in a different place in the console than the cars that had cable access to the pad.
You can put it in the cubby, but previously (non wireless charging, like my 2018 model 3), there was routing in the back for a cable to be run, and tesla provided a right angle cable for wired charging. That solution is gone for new cars.