A 300mph impact would have been bad news for sure, but without knowing more about the structure of the landing deck its hard to say what sort of damage would have resulted. I suspect the ASDS hull would have remained intact — assuming an impact somewhere near the center of the target area — but the deck would probably have been penetrated. However I am only guessing.
One of the initial failed landing attempts punched a hole in the droneship deck I believe. (On edit: thanks @dhanson865 for posting that footage)
It’s really a good thing that the core landed a few hundred yards away from the ship.
Was it really that far away? I've seen it reported that it hit the water, but still managed to take out two of the motors on the droneship. It seems like that might have required an pretty nearby water impact in order to damage the underwater motor units (which is what I assume is meant).