JCESR | Joint Center for Energy Storage Research Announced by the Energy Department: New Battery Design Could Help Solar and Wind Power the Grid | Department of Energy
does someone knows the cost of the vanadium salts being used to make the ion solution? How toxic is the solution?
So filling stations would simply replace their gasoline tanks with lithium polysulfide tanks and big charging stations. A car pulls in, the spent liquid in the car is pumped out and fresh, charged liquid pumped in and it's refueled. The station then just recharges the fuel for the next customer. Sounds great, but the best laid plans ...
Toxicity on experimental animals : Vanadium compounds are acutely toxic by most routes of exposure, in most species. In general, the toxicity of vanadium compounds increases with the Oxidation State. The rabbit and guinea pig are more sensitive than the rat and mouse. Repeated administration of vanadium compounds produces changes in protein metabolism, lipid profile, enzyme activities, reproductive activities, and other metabolic actions. Due to poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, the metal is not very toxic for human beings when ingested. Toxicity on human beings : In the past, vanadium compounds were prescribed as therapeutic agents for anaemia, chlorosis, tuberculosis and diabetes. Vanadium was also used as an antiseptic, a spirochetocide and as a tonic. Clinical picture of poisoning shows a broad spectrum of toxic effects of vanadium on the respiratory, circulatory and central nervous systems, the digestive organs, kidneys, and skin (Table 2). Vanadium poisoning in humans can be diagnosed on the basis of a history of exposure, the clinical picture, a green tongue (due to the hexa-aqua ion), and measurements of vanadium levels in blood cells, plasma and urine. The value of various tests of the secondary metabolic effects of poisoning is disputed. Dimercaprol and ascorbic acid may have value in the treatment of poisoning in human beings. There are no adequate epidemiological studies of mortality in occupationally exposed populations. http://www.ajes.in/PDFs/05-2/15-Vanadium%20Toxicity.pdf