Artful Dodger
"Neko no me"
A slug of frozen NTO formed due to the leaky valve. It smashed into the titanium valve under pressure with enough energy to cause the failure and initiate the explosion.Where did you get icing/ frozen NTO from?
My understanding (which matches the details in two of your links) is the one way valve leaked allowing liquid NTO to collect on the wrong side. When the high pressure Helium was released, this slug of liquid accelerated into the Titanium value and an explosion resulted.
Here's the source article: (quoted below)
Faulty valve blamed for Crew Dragon test accident - SpaceNews.com
"SpaceX said the most likely cause of the explosion was when a “leaking component” allowed nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) oxidizer into helium tubes during processing. When the system was pressurized just before the planned ignition, a “slug” of NTO was driven at high speed into a titanium check valve, causing structural failure of the valve and igniting it, triggering the explosion.
“When you pushed the slug [of NTO] into the check valve, it basically creates an explosion,” said Hans Koenigsmann, vice president of build and flight reliability at SpaceX, during a call with reporters.
"He said SpaceX, with the assistance of NASA, confirmed this scenario in testing at the company’s McGregor, Texas, test site. “We found out that when the pressure is pretty high, the temperature is high, and you drive a slug with a lot of energy into a titanium component, you can have these rather violent reactions,” he said.
“When you pushed the slug [of NTO] into the check valve, it basically creates an explosion,” said Hans Koenigsmann, vice president of build and flight reliability at SpaceX, during a call with reporters.
"He said SpaceX, with the assistance of NASA, confirmed this scenario in testing at the company’s McGregor, Texas, test site. “We found out that when the pressure is pretty high, the temperature is high, and you drive a slug with a lot of energy into a titanium component, you can have these rather violent reactions,” he said.
The valves have now been replaced with rupture discs to prevent any future reoccurance.
Cheers!