No, that's not correct. Almost all of the shares in large, publicly-traded companies are
held in street name. As far as Tesla can tell, the brokerage owns them, and the work to communicate with the actual shareholder is delegated either to the broker itself, or even further to a third party like
Computershare - Wikipedia.
yes companies like broadridge(adp) and mediant offer services for proxy
my shares are held electronically at brokerage in my name, but at the depository in an omnibus acct designated by brokerage.
so the proxy service that your broker uses reconciles 1:1 with DTCC (depository) all positions as of record date
the proxy agent gets the shares of record from the broker, and makes sure that the total cust accts match what the omnibus acct has at depository, and thus will submit the vote to agent
it’s all automated file based activity. there can be some manual exceptions
the broker and thus depository tracks segregated shares vs “free excess” shares. i say free excess because that’s what dtcc used to call it
if my position is fully paid, or cash paid, then my shares are segregated to me, and cannot be used by broker for financing or lending, unless i opt into a plan
if my shares were bought using margin, they could be anywhere.
that’s where “free excess” comes in. maybe i have margin shares but the broker didn’t loan them out and they are sitting in the omnibus account, hence free excess of segregated shares. these exces share are eligible to vote as well. a broker can also have free excess shares for other reasons as well, like they over borrowed...(you borrow 100 shares of stock to cover a customer short of 85..you’d have 15 free excess shares)
anyway, both the broker and the proxy agent know who is long via fully paid or margin, and whether the shares sit with the omnibus acct for that broker via segregated position or free excess position.