FTFY
Lithium batteries that want to live long take 20 minutes to charge to 50%, 40 minutes to 80% and 80 minutes to 100%. Doesn't matter how big or small the battery is - that's how long the individual cells take.
The size of the Supercharger is not the constraint here. You either take that long, or you damage the battery.
The typical Supercharger location already has 500+ KW available that they split into 4 or more ways. If there was any way Tesla could have just hooked that up to one car and charged the battery to full in 10 minutes they would have - game over ICE. Even if the cost was another $10k per car in bigger cables, connectors etc.
But that's not where the constraint lies - it's with the lowly individual lithium cell.