I believe this describes Level 5 and Level 4, respectively. But for me, the value will come when City FSD reaches "solid" Level 3, which to me means that it requires substantially less cognitive load for the same level of safety, relative to manual driving. Highway Autopilot/NoA is already there. I expect City FSD to reach this level in 3-5 years, L4 in 8-10 years, L5 in 15-20 years.
Level 3 by definition means that you can stop paying attention while the car drives itself; you must be in the driver's seat and ready to take over, but the
car is responsible to alerting you when you must take over. "Solid" L3 is meaningless. The real distinction is
when and where Level 3 can be engaged and
how often it requires you to take over.
Level 4 is what I call "Sleep-in-the-back." You do not need to be in the driver's seat. The car is capable of full operation without any input from the driver, and is capable of safely parking in a safe place if it encounters a situation it cannot handle. Once safely parked it will alert you that you must wake up and take over. The real consideration is, as above,
when and where it will operate.
In both Levels 3 and 4 the car qualifies even if the feature only works on one 3-mile section of one rural Arizona highway, but that would be useless for all practical purposes. So it's not the "solidity" of the feature we care about, it's
when and where it will operate.
Level 5
never needs a driver. In a level 5 car, driver controls are optional.
What we have now is Level 2: You, the driver, are fully responsible. The car
might alert you to take over, but it does not have to. It can drive straight into a brick wall and YOU are responsible. They might get Beta FSD so good that it only requires you to take over once a month, but it's still Level 2 as long as
YOU have to be fully alert and ready to take over without warning.
That might be enough for you to consider it worth ten or twelve thousand dollars. But for me, it's not worth it until the car allows me to stop watching the road, and the CAR becomes responsible for alerting me, with reasonable advance warning, when I need to take over. And that, by definition, is Level 3. My own guess is that this is at least ten years away.
Tesla has promised us what for all practical purposes amounts to at least Level 4. The car can go off by itself to pick up the kids or be summoned from NYC to L.A. Any thinking person who was not familiar with Tesla and its history, hearing the phrase "Full Self-Driving" would understand this to mean a car that never needs a driver. If you pay for "FSD" today, your car will never reach that concept of FSD. Real FSD is ten to fifteen years away. What you'll get for your $10K or $12K is a Level 2 system that is pretty good at navigating well-constructed city streets but that requires you to be alert at all times and ready to take over without notice.
As far as the tax situation, I'm sympathetic to OP because a pure software feature like FSD (particularly one that won't truly be "ready" for a few years) is really not within the spirit of the tax. One possible thing for Tesla to do would be to lock in the FSD price at reservation time, and allow the owner to postpone the upgrade for as long as the software is still in beta. (Making it basically like an early-bird Kickstarter.) Or else, offer a rent-to-own subscription during the beta period. I think either of these options would massively increase their take rate.
Tesla won't lock in the price, because the whole purpose of selling a feature that does not yet exist is to get the money NOW. If you can wait to buy it until it actually exists, far fewer people will buy it.
The "spirit" of taxes is to get money to operate government. The idea of sales taxes and property taxes is that if you can afford to buy and own something, you can afford to give the government some money. If you can afford a $40,000 car, you can afford to pay more tax than someone who can only afford a $10,000 car. And if you can afford to pay $10,000 for a feature that doesn't even exist, you can afford to pay a bit more in tax.
And it seems the OP might have been mistaken in saying that VA will charge $300/month in property tax for the basic car.
Nobody likes paying taxes, but everybody wants trash collection and sewer maintenance and road maintenance and firefighters and good schools, etc., etc., etc.