You are mostly correct, although the leftmost is the RV/Campground style "TT-30", not the home appliance NEMA10-30.
120V TT-30 Intended for camping trailers and RVs:
240V NEMA10-30 is used in homes for stoves/ovens/clothes-dryers/etc.:
In TT-30, it is just like a 30amp version of NEMA5-15, having 120V and a ground.
In NEMA10-30, it is 2 hots (240V across) plus a Neutral, so you can get 120V for other uses. For instance, a stove clock/timer might use 120V, but the burner elements use the 240V.
In other words, the TT-30 requires one breaker, but a 10-30 would require two. The 14-50 in the previous pictures has a ground separate from the neutral so it has 4 pins instead of 3.
Yes, you are correct on the way the breakers are connected. No, I don't think it would be obvious to everyone which breaker goes to which socket.
If one of them was obviously tripped (part way down) then you could easily figure out why your particular socket was not providing power.
But sometimes breakers seem to partially trip where the switch doesn't move very far. Those are the cases where someone says
"hold on everyone while I turn your power off for a moment as I hunt around trying to find which 'popped' breaker is going to my socket."
It would be nice if they had a better labeling system.