Some more anecdata:
Samsung Bar Plus 256GB
- 200GB FAT32 partition for music, balance FAT32 for TeslaCam: too slow
- 32GB FAT32 for TeslaCam, balance ext4 for music: too slow
- 16GB FAT32 for TeslaCam, balance ext4 for music: too slow
- Single partition ext4 for TeslaCam: seems to work
Kingston DataTraveler 16GB (probably USB 2)
- Single partition FAT32 for TeslaCam: seems to work but most videos contain static (duration is correct, but garbled contents)
If I were to hazard a guess, I'd say that USB flash controllers have a hard time dealing with multiple partitions. I benched around 10-20% of sequential write speed with 2 partitions vs. a single one on CrystalDiskMark (< 3 MB/s vs. 15-20 MB/s), even on a drive that should be pretty fast like the Samsung Bar.
That said, something must have changed, because it seemed to work just fine before. Never had an issue with corrupted or missing video before the 24.4 update, so seems like it was fast enough, maybe just barely. On 24.4, it would run for anywhere from seconds to hours before complaining that the drive is too slow.