I've done some more research on this, with a lot of the info coming from the Model 3 members.
This is info regarding both stock replacement and longer studs for spacers:
Tesla studs have a knurl diameter of 15.7mm. However, ARP studs have a knurl diameter of 15.8mm.
Firehuntah made contact with ARP and they advised the stud holes should be reamed to prevent possible damage with their 15.8mm dimension.
The stock wheel studs appear to have an under head length of 44.5mm to 46mm with no additional tip.
- this may vary between US and Euro markets, with some US M3 owners even stating their fronts and rears were different.
Dorman makes studs with a 15.7mm knurl diameter.
Dorman 610-428 are zinc coated with an under head length of 58mm that includes an extended smooth tip.
- Per XNTRX, these should work as a stock replacement, though the length from head to thread end of the 428 looks roughly 50mm.
Dorman 610-490 are non-coated with an under head length of 69.75mm with a short tip.
The 490 is preferred when adding spacers. Reason being, the additional thread length will allow most users to cut them down to the desired length.
The Lisle 22800 tool may assist with stud removal/install with hub still on the car, as it has a bearing to eliminate friction from the lug nut...
- I've seen this tool work on Model 3 cars (there's a small hole behind the hub that allows the studs to pass), but haven't seen this on the Model S.
Best advice is plan to remove the hub entirely and use a press for stud removal and install.
Thread a M14x1.50 re-threading hex die onto the newly installed stud before cutting the studs to length.