From a common sense, practical and equitable point of view, all the above comments and suggestions are fantastic, and I agree in principle with them. There will be winners and losers with any plan; we just hope to keep the losses minimal and temporary.
That said, I am cynical when it comes to politicians doing the right thing--at least here in these United States. Politicians view their jobs as a career, so their most compelling reasons for enacting or defeating legislation has more to do with keeping their jobs than it has to do with what is for the greater good for the country, society and the People. Frankly, I do not believe that the majority of our elected representatives are that intelligent when it comes to the myriad matters that they address each legislative cycle. They receive a lot of information (some may say propaganda) from diverse sources, and react viscerally or selfishly.
Assessing and collecting a carbon tax and redistributing it among the people (or using it for infrastructure--hey! there's an idea!) is going to be an extremely complex and unpopular undertaking. Are our elected leaders capable of understanding all the complexities, nuances, economics and future benefits of such legislation? Look at the Affordable Care Act. In many situations it has worked, but it has failed enormously in others. That legislation is hundreds and hundreds of pages long, and I have read that many senators and representatives were shocked to find out what was really contained in the bill that they supported so strenuously. They even admitted not to have read the entirety of the legislation, and relied upon summaries. (If my memory recalls correctly.)
In my opinion carbon-tax legislation is going to be vastly more complex than the Affordable Care Act. There will be years of dueling economists, scientists and business executives weighing in on various theories and proposals to persuade Congress what to do (or not to do.) The only thing that will come of this is that they will kick the can down the road and revisit this topic later. And, if by some stretch of luck, reasonable legislation is enacted into law, it is quite likely that nine people in black robes who know absolutely zero about science and economics will decide whether the legislation passes Constitutional muster.
I feel that this sort of thing faces a remarkably difficult uphill battle in contemporary society. [Sigh.]