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It's the Batteries, Stupid!

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Si Graphene anode triples battery capacity: CalBatterys new Si-graphene anode triples Li-ion battery capacity | ChargedEVs

CalBattery is now in the process of fast-tracking the commercialization of its GEN3 breakthrough battery anode material. Over the next two years the company plans to produce and sell its si-graphene anode material to global battery and EV OEMs, and to begin U.S. production of a limited quantity of specialized batteries for high-end applications.
 
Battery research center at ANL http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9234200/DOE_wants_5X_battery_power_boost_in_5_years

Obviously "Power Boost" is the wrong terminology for improvements in density and price. Also, 5X improvement is completely unnecessary. Double the density, halve the price, game over, and anything more is just gravy.

Indeed, the improvements needed to make electric cars mass-market are quite small.

However, the level of improvements needed to use solar power for nighttime load nationally, through battery storage, are a bit larger. :) So you can see why the Secretary of Energy would be aiming higher. We're going to achieve that level of improvements.
 
Also, 5X improvement is completely unnecessary. Double the density, halve the price, game over, and anything more is just gravy.

Here is a different article on the same subject: Energy Department Launches For Battery Manhattan Project | TPM Idea Lab

Note that they specifically mention that they are not going to be working on Lithium batteries as others are already making good progress on them. So while this is definitely interesting, I don't think it will be applicable to EVs for a while:

Argonne notably did not include a target goal for improving the commonly used lithium-ion battery found in most electronics around the globe, from smartphones to tablets to laptops, because, as Chamberlain explained, there is already much work being done in this space by other capable teams, including other researchers at Argonne, and the Battery Hub wants to develop a more futuristic successor to that technology.
 
Perhaps the flow batteries (external chemicals pumped through the cells) could be used for EV's if they could be made smaller.
Almost the same model as for ICE refilling, pull into a filling station and exchange the used chemicals for fresh ones. The station then refreshes the chemicals using grid electricity. Battery exchange in effect. I don't know if home recharging would be possible though.
 
The demands on energy storage devices for cars and for electric power grids are very different. Energy storage for cars has to be light and support high rates of discharge and reasonably high rates of charging. Energy storage for power grids has to be cheap, scalable, and support lots of cycles. To suppose that batteries are going to do both well is probably naive; to suppose that the same battery will do both well is implausible. (That said, I still think used car batteries are a great resource for grid-scale storage, but we need something more, sooner.)