And that opportunity cost is reflected in the fully diluted earnings per share number that all companies publish anyways.
Except for two minor details:
!. Fully Diluted Shares Outstanding (FDSO) only includes the options that had vested and were fully exercisable in the relevant reporting period, FDSO does not count Any options outstanding which may vest after the relevant reporting period.
2. When earnings are negative, "fully diluted earnings per share" are identical to the EPS calculated on the basis of un-diluted shares outstanding; and disregards ALL options, whether currently exercisable or those may vest in the future with the lapse of time or the achievement of some performance criterion. he company stands alone as an entity and its financial statements should reflect how that entity operates.
In addition, very few public companies raise money through equity offerings every year.
Tesla must be an exception:
-the IPO was late June 2010
-the 1st follow-on offering was about 11 months later in May 2011
-the 2nd follow-on offering was about 15 months later in Sept 2012
-the 3rd follow-on offering was about 8 months later in May 2013
-the 4th follow-on offering was about 25 months later in August 2015
-the 5th follow-on/secondary offering was about 9 months later in May 2016 (so the average is about every 14 months)
-the 6th follow-on offering will be???? (my guess is less than 12 months since the prior one)
Within the time-frame of those 5 follow-on equity offerings there were three convertible note offerings totaling $2.9 billion which also have a dilutive potential (when earnings are positive). More than 2/3 rds of the 2018 notes have been converted early, adding somewhere between 500K AND 1.5 MM to the shares outstanding, after repaying the principal with cash.
If you truly think there is no cost to either the corporation or its shareholders from stock based compensation, take another look at the secondary in May 2016. Elon sold nearly 2.8 million shares for $215/ share--that's $600 million of shares the market would have absorbed.