Have you ever run a company or been a senior manager in one? Trust me, retaining employees, especially in today’s environment of low unemployment, isn’t a slam dunk. People get recruited away. Finding a comparable lateral move job somewhere is literally a click away. This isn’t the 1950s where people worked for one company most of their lives. Job mobility is very much a thing.
Although I note you live in Italy, and there may indeed be regional difference at play here. The US job market is very mobile.
Yeah, this is not a good comparison. Europe is very much not one job market. While it is much more common today than a couple of decades ago it takes a lot more to move even from a neighboring country than it does to move to another state in the US. Not only legally but also mentally. Never mind the language problem. My English is pretty decent but apart from the other Scandinavian countries it would not be easy to find any jobs outside IT and manual labor in the rest of EU. Even within most countries people are much less likely to move than in the US where few even think twice about moving to another state or coast.
Also a lot of those that actually move to another country is a version of Polish construction workers (leaving families behind) usually moving east/north working for lots less money than nationals.
This actually makes it harder for say a Swedish construction worker (or mechanic) to get a new job because there are a lot of EU immigrants competing who won't complain about salaries, vacation time, unsafe conditions etc. Because without a job they have to go back home.
The collective agreement has worked for a long time. It's not without issues but it historically exists instead of many labor laws. For example, as has been mentioned, there is no minimum pay in Sweden. Which ironically has caused Sweden to actually fight against a EU minimum pay since it would be lower than the agreement.
Many commenters seems too think this is some evil agreement imposed by unions. It's actually agreements (there are several different ones for different sectors) between different unions and (also several different) employer associations. You know, associations where Tesla would have an input if they actually cared. The employer associations also wants your company to sign the agreement.
The agreement adds very little extra cost. Like less than a percent. There are some additional pension costs but at a much lower percentage than say most 401 matching plans in the US.
As someone that has been on both sides. Both a union member, and now part owner of a company that has around 10 part time employees, I personally think this system works really well.
There is absolutely nothing that prohibits us from giving shares to any employees. Not that we do but we could. Or paying more than the agreement says. Which we do.
Another common misconception seems to assume workers has to be union members if there is a union at the workplace. If you're not you still get the same pay etc but the union does not represent you (or go on strike for you) if there is a problem. But nowadays it's really your choice. There used to be peer pressure about joining decades ago but that is pretty much gone. I doubt any of ours are. I've never asked.
Is this system perfect? No, but it works. If you want it to change it's something that should be done via a political process. Not because Elon Musk doesn't like unions.