I don't see a lot of rich people moving from California to Alaska. The rich could save a lot of money by not living in high value neighborhoods within their states now, but they don't do that. The idea that they would leave the country in droves because of a 1-6% wealth tax is ridiculous.
People are leaving NY, Illinois, and California and moving to Florida and Texas. According to this Texas stands to gain 3 House seats, and Florida 2 from the 2020 census. People are also moving to Montana. A friend my SO is a judge in Montana. Last time we had dinner with him he was talking about the changes he's seeing in Montana. A lot of Californians are retiring to Montana. It's probably a contributing factor why they have a Democratic governor and a Democratic Senator.
Alaska will never have a huge influx from California because of the cost of living. Taxes may be lower, but food and energy are expensive.
States Expected to Gain or Lose Congressional Seats After the 2020 Census (Updated) | Insights Association
So many people are worked up about the wealth tax, but it will never happen. Warren would need to get a constitutional amendment through to make it work and the resistance to it will be savage, even if the politics of the country suddenly becomes dramatically bluer in 2020.
The wealthy in CA and NY are already paying over 50% at the top marginal rate right now combined (Fed, State, Local, Medicare).
For example, CA is 35 + 13.3 + 2.45 = 50.75 today.
For one thing most wealthy people derive most of their income from long term capital gains. That is 20% for high income people. Medicare is only paid on W-2 income and a number of the super wealthy have no W-2 income at all, or pay themselves a very small salary out of the corporate entity where they derive the bulk of their income.
The only local jurisdiction in California that has an income tax is San Francisco, though every city and country has their own addition to the sales tax. But the super wealthy pay proportionally less sales tax because they don't spend as much of their income as poorer people.
Anyone who is super wealthy who is paying 50% of their income in taxes has the worst accountant in the country.
I think the primary issue is that it's annual (at least as I understand the proposal - I haven't invested any effort to speak of).
If one's wealth is 100% in Tesla (as one example), then a 2% annual wealth tax is only payable by transferring 2% of one's Tesla holdings to the government annually. Of course the government doesn't take payment in Tesla shares, so you need to sell say 2.5 or 3% so you can pay the taxes on the sale, and have enough left over to also pay the 2% wealth tax.
One's position in Tesla will be steadily eroded year after year.
One way to mitigate that is for Tesla to pay a 3% dividend annually. Then all of the shareholders subject to the wealth tax will have cash to pay the wealth tax and not need to liquidate shareholding. The downside is that'd be a drag on Tesla's ability to invest. 3% on $50B market cap is about $1.5B - Tesla could make those payments from free cash flow today, but there wouldn't be much left for the other corporate purposes.
Whether you and I relate to the Premium First World Problems (I just coined that) associated with being a billionaire and needing to come up with x% of your wealth for taxes annually or not, the problems exist. Personally I'm persuaded by the argument that the other jurisdictions that have tried wealth taxes have rescinded them and found other ways of doing taxation. Is there anywhere in the world with a wealth tax today?
I'm more in favor of a 50-70% income tax on income over $1M, with the additional simplification of the tax code that the current code applies on the first $1M of income - after that, it's just whatever the tax rate is with no deductions or different kinds of income getting different tax rates (no carried interest, lower rates for capital gains, etc..).
I'm also in favor of the estate tax. I sort of think of it as the wealth tax, except that instead of being annual, it's periodic on the move of the wealth from generation to generation (20 years apart, 50 years apart - whatever the details).
I do think the wealth tax, if it did happen, would be a disaster for the US. Someone else pointed out that people who have the bulk of their wealth tied up in stock in a company they built, they would have to sell a chunk of the company every year to pay the tax. As the company owners sold their stock, the stock market would dip, and bargain hunters not subject to the tax would swoop in. Most of those investors would be foreign and over time they would take over the country. Then they would simply move the company offshore to avoid US taxes completely.
Imagine how much worse Facebook would get if the Russians or Chinese owned it?
A restructuring of the capital gains rates could encourage the super wealthy to pump their money back into the US economy. Make returns on investments in US companies that produce what they sell in the US a much lower rate than companies that import. Also incentivize investment in US start ups.
There will be a gold rush of money flooding into investments in US companies. Lots of those companies will fail, but the people who pumped their wealth into them will have been separated from that wealth and it will have circulated in the US economy been taxed. It's a back door wealth tax that doesn't harm entrepreneurs with most of their wealth tied up in the companies they built, and doesn't require any changes to the constitution, just the tax code.
There would be a shortage of skilled people to pull this off. Short term, reduce defense spending and encourage the plants making defense items the DoD doesn't want to make consumer goods instead. A plant making electronics for weapons could easily be retooled to make iPhones and other electronic gadgets. To bring manufacturing back to the US would involve significant automation, but there would still be jobs for tech running the automated plants and for warehouse workers moving the goods around.
Longer term, we need to incentivize STEM education. The free college tuition idea is often criticized, but the government will definitely get back far more in taxes than it spends if it pays tuition for degrees that the economy needs. We need more 2 year degree tech people as well as more 4 year and some graduate level STEM degree people. Give a free ride at state schools for the degrees needed and the kids with the talent to do those jobs will flock to them.
On average those kids will make much more over their lifetimes, which will benefit the economy. We did it once before with a segment of the population. With the GI Bill after WW II a generation of young men who had served in the war got free educations. There weren't even any limits on what degrees they could get. The US saw a huge economic boom fueled by a new middle class who had money and minimal debt.
My father was one of those people. His father was a factory worker in Michigan. He started college in Los Angeles (Art Center School of Design) before WW II, had his education interrupted by the war, and finished after. He said he had enough points to get a free ride through to a PhD and regretted not doing that. He was always a frustrated engineer doing art.
But as a photographer he was able to afford a house in the burbs in the mid-50s with two cars, and all the trappings of that life. We didn't live a lavish lifestyle, but it was typical middle class. They rode the real estate boom in Los Angeles, sold out in 1984 and moved to a small town near San Luis Obispo, which also boomed thanks to other people of his generation doing the same thing. We're able to house him now in a rather expensive assisted living place on his investment income. He'll be 100 in February.
The country would probably benefit from helping everyone who can do it get a college education, but politically it probably isn't feasible. Investing in degrees that we know will improve income as well as help the country overall will definitely pay for itself over the long run.