This table posted by
@Lycanthrope captures the 2018 increase in CO₂ emissions very well:
Note how FCA's emissions increased from 120.1 g/km to 125.3 g/km - a 4.3% increase. Only Nissan managed a meaningful reduction of -2.6% - and they are what FCA had in mind when they tried to merge with Renault.
Penalties start at 90 g/km, and most carmakers are very, very far away from that threshold.
The CO₂ pooling agreement with Tesla is going to be very valuable to FCA in the years to come: the EU penalty is €95 per g/km per vehicle, resulting in ZEV credits earned per Tesla vehicle sold in the EU of €10,500, with up to €21,000 per Tesla car for the first 30k-50k units sold according to
this previous estimate by @Prunesquallor.
I.e. if FCA and Tesla are sharing the EU ZEV credit benefits 50%/50%, then Tesla earns about €10,500 for the first ~37k Teslas sold next year (2020), and €5,250 for every car in addition to that. (With a taper and different limits for 2021 and 2022.)
So if we pessimistically take about 25k Teslas delivered in Europe per quarter in 2020, that's 100k Teslas for 2020, 37k*€10,500 + 63k*€5,250 = €719,250,000, or about
$812m per year at the current exchange rate. For every additional 10k units more delivered in Europe it's an incremental income of about
+$52.5m.