OK, here it is directly from the 2018 IPCC Report:
Climate Extremes and ImpactsThere is evidence from observations gathered since 1950 of change in some extremes. Confidence inobserved changes in extremes depends on the quality and quantity of data and the availability of studiesanalyzing these data, which vary across regions and for different extremes. Assigning ‘low confidence’ inobserved changes in a specific extreme on regional or global scales neither implies nor excludes thepossibility of changes in this extreme. Extreme events are rare, which means there are few data available to makeassessments regarding changes in their frequency or intensity. The more rare the event the more difficult it is to identifylong-term changes. Global-scale trends in a specific extreme may be either more reliable (e.g., for temperatureextremes) or less reliable (e.g., for droughts) than some regional-scale trends, depending on the geographical uniformityof the trends in the specific extreme. The following paragraphs provide further details for specific climate extremesfrom observations since 1950. [3.1.5, 3.1.6, 3.2.1]It is very likelythat there has been an overall decrease in the number of cold days and nights,3and an overall increasein the number of warm days and nights,3at the global scale, that is, for most land areas with sufficient data. It is likelythat these changes have also occurred at the continental scale in North America, Europe, and Australia. There is mediumconfidencein a warming trend in daily temperature extremes in much of Asia. Confidence in observed trends in dailytemperature extremes in Africa and South America generally varies from lowto mediumdepending on the region. Inmany (but not all) regions over the globe with sufficient data, there is medium confidencethat the length or numberof warm spells or heat waves3has increased. [3.3.1, Table 3-2]There have been statistically significant trends in the number of heavy precipitation events in some regions. It is likelythat more of these regions have experienced increases than decreases, although there are strong regional andsubregional variations in these trends. [3.3.2]There is low confidencein any observed long-term (i.e., 40 years or more) increases in tropical cyclone activity (i.e.,intensity, frequency, duration), after accounting for past changes in observing capabilities. It is likelythat there has beena poleward shift in the main Northern and Southern Hemisphere extratropical storm tracks. There is low confidenceinobserved trends in small spatial-scale phenomena such as tornadoes and hail because of data inhomogeneities andinadequacies in monitoring systems. [3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.4.4, 3.4.5]There is medium confidencethat some regions of the world have experienced more intense and longer droughts, inparticular in southern Europe and West Africa, but in some regions droughts have become less frequent, less intense,or shorter, for example, in central North America and northwestern Australia. [3.5.1]There is limitedto medium evidenceavailable to assess climate-driven observed changes in the magnitude andfrequency of floods at regional scales because the available instrumental records of floods at gauge stations arelimited in space and time, and because of confounding effects of changes in land use and engineering. Furthermore,there is low agreementin this evidence, and thus overall low confidenceat the global scale regarding even the sign ofthese changes. [3.5.2]____________3See SREX Glossary for definition of these terms: cold days / cold nights, warm days / warm nights, and warm spell – heat wave.9Summary for PolicymakersIt is likelythat there has been an increase in extreme coastal high water related to increases in mean sea level.[3.5.3]There is evidence that some extremes have changed as a result of anthropogenic influences, includingincreases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. It is likelythat anthropogenic influences have ledto warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale. There is medium confidencethat anthropogenic influences have contributed to intensification of extreme precipitation at the global scale. It islikely that there has been an anthropogenic influence on increasing extreme coastal high water due to an increase inmean sea level. The uncertainties in the historical tropical cyclone records, the incomplete understanding of the physicalmechanisms linking tropical cyclone metrics to climate change, and the degree of tropical cyclone variability provideonly low confidencefor the attribution of any detectable changes in tropical cyclone activity to anthropogenicinfluences. Attribution of single extreme events to anthropogenic climate change is challenging. [3.2.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.2,3.4.4, 3.5.3, Table 3-1]Disaster LossesEconomic losses from weather- and climate-related disasters have increased, but with large spatial andinterannual variability (high confidence, based on high agreement, medium evidence).Global weather- andclimate-related disaster losses reported over the last few decades reflect mainly monetized direct damages to assets,and are unequally distributed. Estimates of annual losses have ranged since 1980 from a few US$ billion to above200 billion (in 2010 dollars), with the highest value for 2005 (the year of Hurricane Katrina). Loss estimates are lower-bound estimates because many impacts, such as loss of human lives, cultural heritage, and ecosystem services, aredifficult to value and monetize, and thus they are poorly reflected in estimates of losses. Impacts on the informal orundocumented economy as well as indirect economic effects can be very important in some areas and sectors, but aregenerally not counted in reported estimates of losses. [4.5.1, 4.5.3, 4.5.4]Economic, including insured, disaster losses associated with weather, climate, and geophysical events4arehigher in developed countries. Fatality rates and economic losses expressed as a proportion of grossdomestic product (GDP) are higher in developing countries (high confidence). During the period from 1970 to2008, over 95% of deaths from natural disasters occurred in developing countries. Middle-income countries with rapidlyexpanding asset bases have borne the largest burden. During the period from 2001 to 2006, losses amounted to about1% of GDP for middle-income countries, while this ratio has been about 0.3% of GDP for low-income countries andless than 0.1% of GDP for high-income countries, based on limited evidence. In small exposed countries, particularlysmall island developing states, losses expressed as a percentage of GDP have been particularly high, exceeding 1% inmany cases and 8% in the most extreme cases, averaged over both disaster and non-disaster years for the period from1970 to 2010. [4.5.2, 4.5.4]Increasing exposure of people and economic assets has been the major cause of long-term increases ineconomic losses from weather- and climate-related disasters (high confidence). Long-term trends in economicdisaster losses adjusted for wealth and population increases have not been attributed to climate change,but a role for climate change has not been excluded (high agreement, medium evidence). These conclusionsare subject to a number of limitations in studies to date. Vulnerability is a key factor in disaster losses, yet it is not wellaccounted for. Other limitations are: (i) data availability, as most data are available for standard economic sectors indeveloped countries; and (ii) type of hazards studied, as most studies focus on cyclones, where confidence in observedtrends and attribution of changes to human influence is low. The second conclusion is subject to additional limitations
iii) the processes used to adjust loss data over time, and (iv) record le