UkNorthampton
TSLA - 12+ startups in 1
I don't think 20% overbuild will be enough. Most regions have periods of weeks with significantly below average sun and/or wind. I know the situation in the UK best, there are periods in winter up to 2 weeks long when high pressure means low wind and clear skies. Being winter the sun is weak, at a low angle and there are only 6 hours of daylight.
There are three solutions: vastly overbuild wind and solar generation (much more than 20%), have several days worth of battery storage, and interconnectors to other regions (Scandinavia, Iceland, France, Spain, Ireland). Other solutions (pumped storage, use hydro as top-up, keep existing power stations, load shedding) either are not practical or too expensive for the UK.
For the UK a mixture of all three solutions is probably best. Overbuilding wind means that it can be exported to other regions, but that requires more interconnectors than currently exist, then batteries balancing demand over shorter periods of really low generation.
Smart loads (charging vehicles when plenty of power) and vehicle to grid are probably in the mix as well, but cannot easily cope with 2 weeks of low power generation.
I think 50%+ overbuild will become common, maybe even 200% extra (3 times). UK also has cryo/liquid air storage - this is built as far as I know. Let's hope the bean counters and lobbyists don't kill it - UK energy plant to use liquid air
Together with shedding load that only works at low prices (2p as mentioned), I think this will be fine.
'Natural' Gas also has to be phased out - I think 2030 for new buildings, 2050 for existing. Might as well start using Tesla / efficient HVAC / time shifted underfloor heating now.
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