(Good post)
Just wondering. Is the massive breakthrough victory in Kharkiv Oblast Ukraine's "Battle of Midway"? Seems like the breakout in that Oblast was the very decisive breaking of the back of the Russian army and Russia has not had a significant win since then. It's very clear this war was won by good tactics and control of logistics from the start, but that one battle defined the moment where it was clear Russia's pre-war military might was exhausted.
Good question. We don't have any clear information what was going on inside the Kremlin during different stages of the war, but it's hard to pinpoint the exact moment when the army fell apart. The retreat in the north was one point where Ukraine definitely had the upper hand. The Russians used their advantages in artillery ammunition to pummel the Ukrainians in the Donbas and they made some small gains there, but the price for every inch of ground was very high.
The Kharkhiv offensive might have just been when the bandage (plaster) was ripped off and the Russian army was exposed as a hollowed out force.
The Russian army has been through a Lanchester Square Collapse. They are replacing lost equipment with antiques 40+ years older than the original equipment, they are replacing lost personnel with untrained conscripts many times with 80 year old equipment or cheap consumer grade equipment, leadership is absent in the combat zone, and they appear to have severe supply problems everywhere.
The army is bleeding out and the only way they can save it is to pull out of Ukraine and completely rebuild it. Every day they keep the army in the field they are inflicting more severe damage to the entire institution that will make rebuilding all the more difficult.
Extremist regimes consider western democracies weak when they have pulled badly damaged units out of combat and rebuilt them in a rear area. Stalin was very critical of the Commonwealth and US for doing this in WW II. But it preserved the forces and kept their quality up right through to the end of the war.
The USSR, Germany, Japan, and Italy threw their forces into the fight and mostly kept them there until they were destroyed. The USSR did rebuild some units that were hollowed out, but the Axis powers tended to keep broken units going until they ceased to exist. The top fighter aces in the Commonwealth and US were around 40 victories because pilots were rotated out regularly and command rotated out pilots who were seeing too much action.
By contrast the top aces are all German with Eric Hartmann racking up 352. The top non-German ace is Ilmari Juutilainen with 94 (possibly 101) and Tetsuzo Iwamoto with 94. Japan probably had more high scoring aces, but they didn't celebrate them like European did. Iwamoto's diary claims he shot down 202 planes. The top Allied ace is Ivan Kozhedub with 66.
The mortality rate among Russian pilots was very high. Soviet/Russian training does not/did not encourage people at any level to think for themselves. Flying fighters in combat is one area when you want somebody who can think for themselves and act on their own. The Russians tied down their air force to ground control and it probably got a lot of crews killed.
One reason the Ukrainians are winning is they have been trained by NATO to fight like NATO troops. Western armies have strong professional NCO corps who are trained to think for themselves and are given the ability to act independently on the battlefield. In a western army the officers are tasked with the strategic decisions and tactical decisions are delegated to the NCOs. As a result, individual small units have flexibility to figure out their own way of achieving objectives.
Strategy is large scale plans like taking a city and it's the "sit back and think it through" kind of planning. Tactics is real time, in the moment thinking. What do you do if you're leading your squad down the street and an enemy tank comes around the corner?
The Russians don't really have much tactical training. They strategically plan and if things don't go to plan, they don't really know what to do. They can feed one unit after another into a meat grinder because the units themselves have no tactical flexibility and command at all levels is lost when situations change.
Russia went into this war with the plan that Ukraine would fold entirely after three days of fighting and then there would be some mopping up and the army could have some parades and go home. When the Ukrainians put up a fight, they didn't really know what to do next and it's been downhill from there.
It's not just apathy. Much of it is poverty and oppression. More than half of Russia is a third world country that hasn't enjoyed the benefits of modernization that the Moscow region has. Many of the places where Russia has gotten their army from lacks internet or in many places reliable electricity. Russia uses these regions as cheap labor and for conscription. They could no more rise up against a modern military than sheep could rise up against a shepherd. Russia keeps them poor and as ignorant as possible on purpose.
There still comes a point where the poor peasant has had enough and revolts. There are signs the provinces are not happy with the way this war is going.
Due to the forces they have spent trying to win this war, a lot of the forces they would use to put down an insurrection in a remote province aren't there any more. If rebellion starts, Russia won't have the ability to stop it. That's when Russia may start to balkanize.