If the fines are closer to $1B then VW Board will see it as the cost of doing business.
If the fines are closer to $18B then the VW Board needs to re budget R&D and CapEX. That will definitely get their attention.
True. $18 billion would make a statement. GM didn't even hit $1 billion in fines for their scandal and that cost the lives of over 100 people. Sad.